Bejegyzések címkézve "Angol"

World War I.

What were the sources of tensions that led to the outbreak of the WWI, describe the alliance system and power relations during the war

By the second half of the 19th century there was unequal development which led to rivalry. Big powers were fregmented and new powers wanted there share, that is whybig powers made:
1, alliance system:
1873 Three Entente’s Legue
- Germany (williamI)
-Russia (Alex.II)
- Au.-Hungarian monarchy (F. Ferdinand)
1879 Military alliance bw. Germany and the Au.-Hun.mon.
1882: Italy joined the military alliance

2, Power relations:
Central powers
-Au.-Hun. mon.
-Germany
-easy transportation of supply and troops
-easy mobilization
-could be circled easily
-had to import food and weapons

Entente
-Britain
-Francec
-Russia
-weaker land force
-defetable by a quick a
-colonies weren’t supported perfectly

1914-1918 World War I
It started when the Au.-Hun mon. declared war on Serbia

1, 1914
aim:Schliffen Plan: quick attack on the Entente
Both the eastern and western fronts were included in the war
end: failure of the Schliffen Plan

2,1915
Eastern front was more effective
end:military siccess of the Central Powers but no political (they could not defeat the Entente)

3, 1916
Both the fronts were included
end: success of the Central p. but no political

4, 1917
Germany declared a submarine war. They sank every ship in water near the bourders.
(Step for this) The USA joined the war on ther side of the Entente – It become strong

5, 1918
Jan:Everybody wanted peace because of their weakening forces and lack of support.
-Wildson 14 points
-Entente decided about the looser’sterritories

Describe what a totalitarian state is like and discuss the development of stalism in the SU

1, General discription of total. system
-one party
-one leader
-glorification of the party
-nationalism (land, industry)
-propaganda – terror
-expansion
-controll over :-economy
-production

2,Background
Lenin died in 1924
Stalin – Trocky (struggle)
Srtalin won the support of the majority of the Party. Trocky had to migrate to Serbia.

1928 The first 5-year plan started
(2nd in 1933, 3rd in 1938)
-collectivization
Aim: -to increase agricultural production
-strong goverment control
-to take communists to the country
They glorified work – people had quotas and if they could reach these quotasthey were awarded, if not – had to migrate

3, Consequences:
Development in industry
But:Basic needs such as food or housing were pushed into the background.

In theory: they wanted a classless society
In the surface: Just a small group of people enjoyed greater privilages.

No unemployment
-Free education
-Social benefits
But:
-Low standard of living
-Cenzorship to silence anyone who critized the system
terror: Great Purge bw. 1934-38

(After Stalin: Kirov = Man of Steal)

The Versaille Peace Treaty

The Versaille Peace Treaty

I. Wilson (American President) proposed a just peace: Wilson’s 14 points:
The main points of Wilson’s 14 points:
No secret diplomacy, opened peace negotiations
Freedom of the sea
Free trade
Peaceful negotiations about colonial claims
Reduction of armament
Evacuation of troops
Borders along clearly recognizable lines of nationality
Self-determination to choose the form of government
Independence of Poland
Establishment of the League of Nations
II.The peace conference was opened on January 18, 1919
(the date of the proclamation of the German Empire on Jan 18, 1871).
27 state were present at the negotiations – the losers were not invited.
The important persons were the ’Big Four’:
Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France
Lloyd George, Prime Minister of Great Britain
Wilson, President of the USA
Orlando, Prime Minister of Italy
The five important questions were:
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Russia

The German colonies
Turkish Empire
III.Aim of
England: to get the colonies of Germany, abolish its sea power and to prevent France from gaining too much power.
France: weak Germany
Italy: territories from Austria-Hungary, control of the Adriatic Sea.
USA: interests in East Asia, South America and Siberian lands.
IV. Germany - Versailles, July 28, 1919
Elsace Loraine was given to France
Saar Basin was put under international control for 15 years
Rhine Valley was demilitarized
Danzig (Gdansk) became a free town
The German army could contain no more than 100,000 people, recruitment was banned
The navy was taken from Germany
Germany had to pay reparations
Austria - Saint Germain, September 10, 1919
Abolishment of the Monarchy
Austria lost Trieste, South Tirol and Istria
Restraints on military
Prohibition of its unification with Germany (Anschluss)
IV.Russia was not considered as a victorious country and the soviet government was not regarded as a democratic government. Russia was not invited to the peace negotiations.
V.Turkey - Sévres, August 10, 1920
Its land was divided and the straits were put under international control.
VI.New States
Poland became an independent country. It got territories from the German Empire and Russia, Galicia, parts of Bukovina.
Czechoslovakia got Upper Hungary, the Sudetenland and Sub-Carpathia.
Yugoslavia fom 1929.
Romania got large territories, eg. Transylvania, Bukovina, Bessarabia.
VII.1921-22: Washington Conference – the questions of East Asia.
1919: League of Nations

The War of Independence

I. Economy of English America
North: small farms
wheat, fruits, honey, fish
shipbuilding, cloth-making, shue-making, paper-, glass production, weapon
South: plantations
Tobacco, cotton, indigo, rice
II. The English looked at the American colonies as:
Suppliers of raw materials
Market for British products.
III. Acts, regulations to prevent the colonies from producing goods (Hat, Iron Act, Molasses Act).
Taxes, duties on the colonies.
IV.1763: Royal Proclamation: forbade settlements West of the Allegheny Mountain.
1765: Stamp Act – opposition – ’taxation without representation’.
1767-70: economic boycott on British products.
1770: Stamp Act was repealed.
’Boston Massacre’
1773: ’Boston Tea Party’.
1774: First Continental Congress in Philadelphia
Refused obedience to British acts, though they promised loyalty to the British King.
Continued the economic boycott.
1775: Lexington (Am.Br.)
Second Continental Congress

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To prepare for war (CIC: George Washington)
War of Independence
1776, July 4: Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson)
1777: Saratoga – Am. Victory
1778: Spain 
1779: France supported the Am.
1780: Holland 
1781: Yorktown – Am victory.
1783, Sept 3: Peace Treaty (Versaille) USA
1787: Constitution
Separation of power: Checks and Balances
Legislative – Congress (Senate, House of Representatives)
Executive – President­­
Judicial – Supreme Court

Civil War

I.Western Expansion:
(1776: Declaration of Independence
1783: Peace Treaty – USA)
1803: Louisiana purchase (France)
1819: Florida (Spain)
1845: Texas (Mexico)
1846: Oregon Territory (GB)
1848: Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada (Mexico)
Frontier: moving border between the civilized and wild territories.
Manifest Destiny
Monroe Doctrine
II.North  South
Farming Plantation
Industry Agriculture (mono-culture)
For- Against immigration
Production for the home market For the world market
Protectionism (tariffs) Free trade
Strong, centralized government Loose confederation
Republican Democrat
III.Power Relations
20 million 9 million people
22 thousand miles 9 thousand miles of railroad
Farms food Tobacco, cotton, indigo rice
Factories, ships, money (credit) Better army – leadership (because of the slaves)
IV.Outbreak of the Civil War
Casus belli: Nov,1860: elections Abraham Lincoln – President
Republican Party 11 southern states sceeded
Confederate States of America
1861-65: Civil War
In the beginning the Southerners were more succesful.
1863: Emancipation Proclamation
To liberate all slaves on the territory of the rebellious states
Gettysburg – Gettysgurg Address
Turning point
The victory of the North/Union
1865: Appomatax – Southern surrender
The end of the war.
V.Results, outcome
The Union was preserved.
Slavery ended second revolution.
600,000 lives were lost.
The first total war in history
The two armies + the back country were involved.
Railroads,
Rifles,
Trenches,
Fortifications.
 Everybody’s war.
The war of exhaustion.