Angol érettségi tételek kidolgozva

Előző évek B tételei

B1.
Describe the causes, the course and the outcome of the Great Depression

I. October 24, 1929: Black Thursday
The New York Stock Market collapsed
=> investors panicked and sold at a loss
At first the crash appeared to influence only those who gambled and lost at the stock market. BUT soon: -signs of the crises
~ unemployment grew
~ industrial production, prices, wages fell
Reasons: -overproduction by business
-underconsumption
-1920s: rising productivity => enormous profits ~ unevenly distributed

II. Consequences
-cut back on production
=> downward economic spiral
>> unemployment
>> narrowed down the market => further cut backs on production
-the Great Depression (1929-33) meant financial, industrial and agricultural crisis.
-social tensions ~ political unrest
Solutions: -radical
-democratic

III. Solutions (the New Deal)
1929: Herbert Hoover (Am. president) expected that the crises would be over very
soon. ‘prosperity is just around the corner.’
-he introduced only a few measures: ~ public works projects
~ government agency that lent money
BUT: these measures were not enough to overcome the crises.
1932: F. D. Roosevelt became the Am. president
-he introduced an economic and social program that was known as the
New Deal.
-New Deal was about state intervention
1. -to restore confidence in banks: ~ certain banks were reopened under
government supervision
2. -to solve the problem of unemployment and overproduction
~ AAA (agricultural adjustment act)
-it restricted the production of certain crops.
-paid bounties for uncultivated land
~ CCC (civilian conservation corps)
-national reforestation program
~ NIRA (national industrial recovery act)
-it meant the public works projects (building roads, bridges,
schools…)
~ TVA (Tennessee valley act)
-regulation of the river controlling river floods
-reforestation
-electricity was provided for the rural areas along the river
3. Social program
~ Social Security Act
-it provided unemployment benefit
-old-age benefits/pension
~ National Labour Relations Act
-it guaranteed the rights for workers to organise trade unions

The American economy could gradually recover but since the 1930s the American
government has played a greater role than before.

B2.
WHAT WAS THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE AND THE MARSHALL PLAN?

I. The Cold War

1. March 5, 1946: Fulton, Missouri
Churchill: speech: iron curtain dividing the continent

2. Bi-polar world
tensions between the US and the SU
over: – the fate of Germany and Berlin
- the fate of Central and Eastern-Europe
by 1948 in every country the government was put under communist
control
 communist movements, civil wars
 policy of containment (George Kennan)
- to prevent the spreading of community

II. March, 1947: Truman Doctrine

The US should (and would) support free people resisting attempted domination
by armed minorities (communists) or outside pressure (SU).

 $ 400 million to Greece and Turkey

III. Marshall Plan ( Dawes Plan)

Offered massive economic aid to help the recovery of European economy
1948-1953: $ 13 billion of aid were given to the European countries
All European countries were invited, but the SU attacked as “Yankee imperialism” and refused it.
It also kept its satellites from it.

B3.
Diplomatic Relations in the 1920′s

After the WWI and the signing of peace treaties there were still tensions between some nations. To prevent these tensions the League of Nations was established.

I. 1919: League of Nations

- rejected the alliance system
- rejected the balance of power policy
- wanted collective security
 an organised community of nations acting together to preserve peace

1920′s: The League of Nations helped settle minor disputes between small
nations, but less successful in solving crises that involved bigger nations.

II. 1924: Dawes Plan

- the USA gave loans to Germany, this way Germany could pay
reparations to Br. and Fr., and eventually Br. and Fr. could repay the
loans that they had received from the USA
 G. could gradually recover and pay reparations
 European economy recovered by the second half of the 1920′s

1929: Young Plan

- it would have been the continuation of the Dawes Plan but the Great
Depression prevented it

III. 1925: Locarno Pact

- aim: to improve relations in Europe
 Western European nations:
- guaranteed the existing borders
- agreed to seek peaceful solutions to any dispute
- Germany agreed to find peaceful solutions to the dispute about its
Eastern borders (with Poland and Czechoslovakia)
 1926: Germany joined the League of Nations

IV. 1928: Kellog-Briand Pact ( Kellog- Am. Secretary of State
Briand- Fr. Foreign Minister)

- rejected war as an instrument of national policy
 62 nations signed it
 symbolised the optimism and idealism of the period…. but in 1929 the
whole world collapsed because of the Great Depression
B4.
Describe the Meiji Period

I.Japan rulers followed the policy of isolation (expelled foreigners)

Shoguns: -strong, centralised government
-they controlled society, economy
Society: -rigid order
-samurai
-landlords
-artisans, craftsmen
-peasants
-merchants
Expansion of trade within Japan
-merchants became stronger
-questioned the privileges and the power of samurai

II.1853: End of isolation

-US sent a fleet to Japan to start diplomatic negotiations
-US demanded:
-open the ports / the right to trade with Japan
-the insurance of the safety of Am citizens shipwrecked in Japanese water
-the right to take food, water and fuel for the Am ships in Japanese ports

III.1854: Treaty of Kanagawa

-opened 2 Japanese ports
-agreed the other demands

1850s-1860s:
-several ‘unequal treaties” were made with US and European powers
fierce opposition in Japanese society to the shoguns

IV.1868:
The last shogun resigned and the emperor moved the capital from Kyoto to Tokyo.
He took the name of ‘Meiji’ /enlightened/
1912: Meiji-period
Reforms:
-end of feudalism
-all classes were made equal before the law
-1872: Universal Military Service
end of samurai’s privileges
-1889: constitutional government
-2 houses of Parliament
-the Emperor still had the right to issue and veto laws and declare war
Economic policy: -modernisation
government sponsored new industries:
-shipbuilding
-gunpowder
-mining
-communication
-railways
-textile industry
private enterprises
By 1914 the combination of government and private enterprise made Japan a powerful industrial nation.

B6.
What are the five pillars of Islam?

I. Muhammed (570-632)
-born in Mecca in about 570
-his parents died, he was raised by his relatives
-he got married at the age of 25 and became a successful merchant
YET: he was troubled by the problems he saw in the world.
–he often went to the desert to pray.
He believed the Gabriel angel spoke to him saying that God had chosen him as his
prophet. His duty, said the angel, was to proclaim that Allah was the one and only God.
=>opposition in Mecca => he fled to Medina in 622.
Hejira: departure (Mohammed’s journey from Mecca to Medina)
-622 is the first year of the Muslim calendar.
In Medina he gained power as both a religious and a political leader.
-630: M. returned to Mecca with an army and captured the city; destroyed hundreds of
idols, but left the kaaba (black stone) untouched, because he believed it had come
from God.
=>pilgrimage
=>Mecca remained the Holy city

II. Teachings of Islam
“Submission to God”
5 pillars: -there is only one God, Allah, and Mohammed is his prophet.
-prayer 5 times a day turning towards Mecca.
-fasting during the holy month of the Ramadan.
-pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime.
-act of charity

III. No formal church or clergy. All worshippers are considered equal.
Mosque: Muslim meeting place
the imam leads the worshippers in prayer.

Koran: -contains the word of God as it was revealed to his prophet.
-the basis for government and law throughout the Islamic world
-written in Arabic —-universal language of Muslims from many different cultures.
-rules for ethical behaviour: -charity
-humility
-mercy

B7.
Treaty of Nanking

1. Manchu dynasty (1644-1911)

- Powerful and prosperous empire
- Policy of isolation
- Restrictions on foreign trade

- 1800′s: conditions changed
- Population grew to 300 million
- Regular shortage of food (because of floods and draughts)
- Peasant rebellions, social unrest
- Corruption: officials took money from the public funds => raised taxes => Rebellions

2. European imperialism

- Opium war (1840-1842)

- Treaty of Nanking:

- China agreed to: – receive foreign diplomats
- open ports to trade
- let the British determine tariffs
- the right of extraterritoriality (British laws against British people in China)

- International unrest: The Taiping rebellion (Taip-ing tien kuo = Heavenly Kingdom of Peace)

- widespread peasant uprising (inspired by some ancient Chinese traditions and ideals of Christianity)
- demanded: -redistribution of land to poor peasants
- end of high taxes
- equality for men and women

- European powers helped the Manchu dynasty => peasants were defeated, BUT: -China was weakened => needed reforms
- China’s concessions
(had to open more ports; had to legalise opium trade)
- Sphere of influence (Br., Fr., R., Ch. investors)

B9.
Declaration of Rights of Man

1. French Revolution

Causes: - contradictions in economy
- contradictions in society
- political crises (Louis XVI. in “trouble”)

=> The outbreak of the revolution

-May.5., 1789: opening session – National Assembly (with one vote for each repr.)

-BUT: the king dissolved it => Tennis Court Oath

-People attacked and destroyed the Bastille (July 14., 1789) => Fr. revolution started

-Aug. 4., 1789 – abolition of feudal privileges

2. Declaration of Rights of Man (Aug. 26., 1789)

Content: – individual freedom
- right to property
- equality in front of the law
- equal taxation
- principles of representation

=> freedom of speech and thought
=> freedom of religion
=> freedom of the press

BUT Louis XVI. refused to sign it

=> Oct. 5.: March of Women: The king was forced to go to Paris; the National Assembly followed him

By 1791: Constitution

B10.
Describe the war communism and the new economic policy

War communism is a strong, strict government control of most industries, railways and banks at the time of the Russian Civil war. Peasants had to turn over their surplus ( centrally collected and redistributed) to the government.
Terror was used to silence the critics of the revolution plus censorship
On 30th July 1918 the tsar and his family were executed. Secret police (Cheka) was introduced.
Outcome: The civil war devastated famine so certain changes were needed
1921-28 NEP ( New Economic Policy )
reintroduction of certain capitalist measures
government controlled heavy industry, banks, BUT small manufactures were allowed to have their own business
surplus arrow market arrow money
terror eased
economic pluralism ( capitalists, socialists) BUT no political pluralism
only one party ( Bolshevik party )

A few changes in politics
1922: USSR
Changes:
- elimination of titles of nobility
Orthodox Church loss of influence
Laws: equality of men and women, 8 hour working day

1924: Lenin died
-struggle to take over the power
Trotsky against Dzhugashvili ( Stalin, man of steel )
It led to world revolution ( Trotsky ) against socialism in one country

B11.
The Versaille Peace Treaty

I. Wilson (American President) proposed a just peace: Wilson’s 14 points:
The main points of Wilson’s 14 points:
No secret diplomacy, opened peace negotiations
Freedom of the sea
Free trade
Peaceful negotiations about colonial claims
Reduction of armament
Evacuation of troops
Borders along clearly recognisable lines of nationality
Self-determination to choose the form of government
Independence of Poland
Establishment of the League of Nations
II.The peace conference was opened on January 18, 1919
(the date of the proclamation of the German Empire on Jan 18, 1871).
27 state were present at the negotiations – the losers were not invited.
The important persons were the ’Big Four’:
Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France
Lloyd George, Prime Minister of Great Britain
Wilson, President of the USA
Orlando, Prime Minister of Italy
The five important questions were:
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Russia
The German colonies
Turkish Empire
III.Aim of
England: to get the colonies of Germany, abolish its sea power and to prevent France from gaining too much power.
France: weak Germany
Italy: territories from Austria-Hungary, control of the Adriatic Sea.
USA: interests in East Asia, South America and Siberian lands.
IV. Germany - Versailles, July 28, 1919
Elsace Loraine was given to France
Saar Basin was put under international control for 15 years
Rhine Valley was demilitarised
Danzig (Gdansk) became a free town
The German army could contain no more than 100,000 people, recruitment was banned
The navy was taken from Germany
Germany had to pay reparations
Austria - Saint German, September 10, 1919
Abolishment of the Monarchy
Austria lost Trieste, South Tirol and Istria
Restraints on military
Prohibition of its unification with Germany (Anschluss)
IV.Russia was not considered as a victorious country and the soviet government was not regarded as a democratic government. Russia was not invited to the peace negotiations.
V.Turkey - Sévres, August 10, 1920
Its land was divided and the straits were put under international control.
VI.New States
Poland became an independent country. It got territories from the German Empire and Russia, Galicia, parts of Bukovina.
Czechoslovakia got Upper Hungary, the Sudetenland and Sub-Carpathia.
Yugoslavia from 1929.
Romania got large territories, e.g. Transylvania, Bukovina, Bessarabia.
VII.1921-22: Washington Conference – the questions of East Asia.
1919: League of Nations
B12.
The War of Independence

I. Economy of English America
North: small farms
wheat, fruits, honey, fish
shipbuilding, cloth-making, shue-making, paper-, glass production, weapon
South: plantations
Tobacco, cotton, indigo, rice
II. The English looked at the American colonies as:
Suppliers of raw materials
Market for British products.
III. Acts, regulations to prevent the colonies from producing goods (Hat, Iron Act, Molasses Act).
Taxes, duties on the colonies.
IV.1763: Royal Proclamation: forbade settlements West of the Allegheny Mountain.
1765: Stamp Act – opposition – ’taxation without representation’.
1767-70: economic boycott on British products.
1770: Stamp Act was repealed.
’Boston Massacre’
1773: ’Boston Tea Party’.
1774: First Continental Congress in Philadelphia
Refused obedience to British acts, though they promised loyalty to the British King.
Continued the economic boycott.
1775: Lexington (Am.Br.)
Second Continental Congress
To prepare for war (CIC: George Washington)
War of Independence
1776, July 4: Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson)
1777: Saratoga – Am. Victory
1778: Spain 
1779: France supported the Am.
1780: Holland 
1781: Yorktown – Am victory.
1783, Sept 3: Peace Treaty (Versaille) USA
1787: Constitution
Separation of power: Checks and Balances
Legislative – Congress (Senate, House of Representatives)
Executive – President­­
Judicial – Supreme Court

B12,
Civil War

I.Western Expansion:
(1776: Declaration of Independence
1783: Peace Treaty – USA)
1803: Louisiana purchase (France)
1819: Florida (Spain)
1845: Texas (Mexico)
1846: Oregon Territory (GB)
1848: Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada (Mexico)
Frontier: moving border between the civilised and wild territories.
Manifest Destiny
Monroe Doctrine
II.North  South
Farming Plantation
Industry Agriculture (mono-culture)
For- Against immigration
Production for the home market For the world market
Protectionism (tariffs) Free trade
Strong, centralised government Loose confederation
Republican Democrat
III.Power Relations
20 million 9 million people
22 thousand miles 9 thousand miles of railroad
Farms food Tobacco, cotton, indigo rice
Factories, ships, money (credit) Better army – leadership (because of the slaves)
IV.Outbreak of the Civil War
Casus belli: Nov,1860: elections Abraham Lincoln – President
Republican Party 11 southern states sceeded
Confederate States of America
1861-65: Civil War
In the beginning the Southerners were more successful.
1863: Emancipation Proclamation
To liberate all slaves on the territory of the rebellious states
Gettysburg – Gettysgurg Address
Turning point
The victory of the North/Union
1865: Appomatax – Southern surrender
The end of the war.
V.Results, outcome
The Union was preserved.
Slavery ended second revolution.
600,000 lives were lost.
The first total war in history
The two armies + the back country were involved.
Railroads,
Rifles,
Trenches,
Fortifications.
 Everybody’s war.
The war of exhaustion.

B13.
English Absolutism

I.Economy
Capitalist transformation of agriculture.
Manufactures: textile, metal, glass, paper, gunpowder, shipbuilding.
Trade: foreign trade: Moscowy Co., Eastern Co., East India Co.
II.Society
Nobility, Peasants,  Bourgeoisie, Workers
New Nobility Yeomen Merchants
Gentry Industrial Entrepreneurs
  Bankers
  
Capitalist Entrepreneurs 
 
 
Feudal layer, political power Capitalist layer, economic power

Balance

Absolutism:
Based on a temporary balance in the society and a mutual alliance between the monarch and the Bourgeoisie

B14.
The Eastern question

1. The Eastern question
Who would take over the role of the weakening Turkish Empire in the Balkans?
1829:Greece
1859:Roumania ( Moldavia, Valachia )
1867:Serbia
2. 1877-1878 Russia against the Turkish Empire
Berlin: conference Russia had to withdraw
Bulgaria autonomy ( East-Rumelia )
Bosnia Herzegovina arrow Austrian-Hungarian monarchy
Macedonian under Turkish rule
Russia excluded
Independence of Romania, Serbia

1912: Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia against the Turkish empire
1st Balkan war took most of the European possessions of the Turkish Empire and created Albania
BUT debates about the borders
1913:2nd Balkan war
Bulgaria against Serbia ( Bulgaria got nothing, Serbia got Greece)
- uneasy peace
Balkans: powder keg of Europe

B15.
The age of discoveries

1.From the middle of the XV. century there was slow development.

industry and agriculture developed
overpopulation arrow Western-Europe couldn’t provide food for its population arrow more and more agricultural goods for import.
Trade was arranged by the navigation on the Atlantic coast.
The precious metal-mines of Europe couldn’t provide enough precious metal arrow after 1453 the Turkish empire got all the benefit from the trade of the Mediterranean-sea.
1471 Portuguese sailors travelled through the Equator
1498 Vasco de Gamma shipping around Africa he reached the western coasts of India.
12th October 1492 Christopher Columbus disembarked at Guanahani-peninsula.
Cortez, Alvarando, Pizarro: they wanted to loot the natives and conquer America.
1521-1600 a huge amount of silver, gold and precious metal were given to the poor Europe. The biggest treasures of America, its plants spread in Europe also. For example: corn, potato, tomato, sunflower, tobacco and pineapple. Rubber, cocoa and vanilla also come from America.
The native Indians had to work in mines and on different plantations. If they were weak black slaves were shipped from Africa so the shipping of slaves became very common in the Atlantic navigation.

Colonial America

Discovery:
-Christopher Colombus:
-born in Genoa, Italy, in 1451
-left Spain, with three ships (Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria), in August 1492 with 90 sailors
-October 12, 1492: Colombus went ashore in the Bahamas, at San Salvador and claimed it for Spain
-believing he had reached the East Indies he called the native people Indians
-April 1493: Colombus returned to Spain
-was given the titles ˝Admiral of the ocean Sea˝ and ˝Viceroy and Governor of the Indies.˝
-Amerigo Vespucci:
-1499: (Portuguese expeditor) he sailed along the coast of South America
-concluded that the land he had explored was a vast new continent – a New World
-1504: Vespucci´s sensational account, which he purposely redated 1497, was published, and he erroneously received credit for reaching the mainland of the New World before Colombus
-German mapmakers named the New World ˝America˝

Southern Colonies:

1.) Virginia
-1578: Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh tried to plant a permanent English colony in North America
-1587: Raleigh sent 117 people to settle on Roanoke Island -> named the land ˝Virginia˝ in honor of the ˝Virgin Queen,˝ Elizabeth I
-1588: English ships returned to Roanoke, found none of the settlers, the only clue left behind was a word – Croatoan (name of nearby Indians)
-the fate of the ˝Lost Colony˝ remains a mistery.
-1606: King James I created the Virginia Company (from two separate groups of merchants) -> two divisions: Virginia Company of London, Virginia Company of Plymouth
-1607: London Company sought a more secure place for settlement -> along the James River they founded Jamestown (naming both the river and the town for their king)
-Captain John Smith:
-led the colony through the ˝starving time,˝ the winter of 1609 to 1610
-injured in a gunpowder explosion, had return to England in 1609
-1624: London Company lost its charter -> King James I dissolved the company and took control of the colony
-settlers learnt to raise new crops: corn, bean, squash, and tobacco
-tobacco:
-introduced by the Indians, became popular in England
-King James I wrote: ˝a custom Loathsome to the eye, hateful to the Nose, harmfulle to the Braine, daungerous to the Lungs.˝

-promise of free farmland attracted many people -> those who could not pay their own way became indentured servants (working from four to seven years) -> payed off their passage across the Atlantic -> after period of indenture, they were free to farm their own farms
-1619: a Dutch warship brought 20 enslaved Africans to Jamestown
-1661: slavery was first recognized in Virginia law
-1662: Virginia law declared -> the status of a newborn child depended on the status of the mother
-African slavery expanded rapidly in Virginia after 1670
-until 1619: Virginia had been strictly ruled by a council and an appointed governor (absolute power) -> 1619: London Company permitted the first representative assembly, the House of Burgesses -> burgesses and a council (appointed by the governor) together had power to make laws

Other Southern Colonies:

2.) Maryland
-1632: King Charles I gave George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) land north of Virginia
-Calvert became proprietor of the colony
-1634: Cecil Calvert named it after his Catholic Queen, Henrietta Maria
-the Calverts intended Maryland to be a refuge for Catholics
-soon more Protestants than Catholics were arriving -> to protect Catholics from persecution, Cecil offered religious freedom to all Christian settlers
-1649: Religious Toleration Act: the legislative assembly of Maryland affirmed this freedom (first of its kind in America)
-Maryland also grew tobacco

3.),4.) North and South Carolina
-1663: eight nobles received from Charles II a grant to settle Carolina
-North Carolina: principal exports became naval stores – tar, pitch, and turpentine – products of its pine forests that are used in ship-building.
-1669, Southern Carolina: first English colonists came from Barbados to found the only major city in the South, Charles Town (present-day Charleston)
-sugar plantations, rice-growing, enslaved Africans
-Eliza Lucas: introduced the growing of indigo, a plant that produced a blue dye -> indigo became a cash crop grown for export
-Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper: proprietor -> persuaded John Locke (English political philosopher) to write a framework of government for South Carolina -> result: The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina
-1729: the king made both Carolinas royal colonies.

5.) Georgia
-last of the 13 English colonies -> named after King George II
-James Oglethorpe: proprietor (a wealthy philanthropist and soldier)
-first settlement, founded in 1733, was Savannah
-Oglethorpe governed with strict controls -> forbade slavery and rum, controlled land sales
-colonists were given an elected assembly -> Georgia failed to prosper
-control was returned to the king in 1752.

New England:

6.) Massachusetts
-some Anglicans, called Puritans, believed that the Church of England had not done enough ˝to purify˝ itself of all symbols of Catholic worship -> most Puritans wanted to reform the Church of England
-Separatists believed: it was better to separate themselves entirely and to form their own church
-1607: a group of separatists (to be known as Pilgrims) left England to escape persecution -> settled in Holland
-1619: the Pilgrims secured a grant of land in Virginia from the London Company
-September 1620: 102 people set sail on the Mayflower from Plymouth, England
-November: the ship landed at Cape Cod on the Massachusetts coast
-they had no charter for an area outside the control of the London Company -> the Pilgrims drew up and signed the Mayflower Compact (an agreement to live under the laws of the community)
-December 25: they began to build the first large house for common use, at Plymouth -> they also had their ˝starving time˝
-March 16, 1621: Samoset and Squanto (an Abnaki Indian) walked into the Plymouth settlement and called out ˝welcome˝ in English
-settlers would not have survived without their help: they taught the settlers which plants were poisonous, and which had medicinal powers, how to plant Indian corn, and to plant other crops with the corn
-Pilgrims had much to celebrate: had raised enough crops to keep them alive during the long coming winter, were at peace with their Indian neighbors
-Pilgrim Governor William Bradford proclaimed a day of thanksgiving to be shared by all the colonists and the neighboring Native Americans
-1817: New York State had adopted Thanksgiving Day as an annual custom
-1863: President Abraham Lincoln appointed a national day of Thanksgiving -> fourth Thursday of each November
-1621: survivors elected Bradford governor
-1691: became part of the larger Massachusetts Bay Colony
-1625: beginnig of the great Puritan migration
-first governor of Massachusetts: John Winthorp -> transformed the Massachusetts Bay Company from a trading company into a commonwealth (self-governing political unit) -> made up the General Court
-1631: a law gave all Puritan men (church members) admission to the General Court as freemen

7.), 8.), 9.) Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Connecticut
-Roger Williams: 1636 -> started the colony of Rhode Island on land purchased from the Native Americans -> new colony (chartered in 1644) welcomed Jews as well as Christians -> religious freedom
-1637: Reverend John Wheelwright -> expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritan teaching -> settled in New Hampshire -> created and signed the Exeter Compact -> set up a civil government
-1636: Thomas Hooker (Puritan minister) settled the valley of the Connecticut River
-1639: Fundamental Orders of Connecticut <- first written constitution The Middle Colonies: 10.) New York -1664: King Charles II granted James, the Duke of York, the land west and south of New England, from the connecticut River to the Delaware River, called New Netherland -1664: Duke of York sent a fleet to capture the settlement of New Amsterdam -Peter Stuyvesant: Dutch governor of New Netherland, tried to defend the colony -> was forced to surrender New Netherland
-Duke of York did not hesitate to change the colony´s name to New York.
-1685: Duke of York became King James II, made New York a royal colony

11.) New Jersey
-1664: James II gave New Jersey to John Lord Berkeley and to George Carteret -> offered religious freedom, large land grants, and the right for landowners to elect a legislative assembly
-1738: was given its own governor.

12.), 13.) Pennsylvania and Delaware
-William Penn: wanted to start a colony in America that would serve as a refuge for persecuted Quakers (Quakers were considered religious radicals in England because they believed that paid clergy were unnecessary and that every person could know God´s will through his or her ˝inner light˝. They also refused to perform military service, or to swear oaths. They were detested in England and persecuted as anarchists in America.)
-Penn became the proprietor of ˝Penn´s Woods˝ (Pennsylvania)
-1682: a plan for a ˝city of brotherly love˝ was worked out -> Philadelphia
-Mason and Dixon line: became famous as the dividing line between slave states and nonslave states
-1682 William Penn bought the three counties south of Pennsylvania -> Delaware -> until the American Revolution, the governor of Pennsylvania also served as the governor of Delaware.

Colonial Social Classes:
-upper class: socially superior by law or custom
-New England: merchants, shipowners, clergy
-South: great landowners
-only upper-class men could wear silver buttons and upper-class women and girls could wear silk dresses
-social rank was indicated on marriage certificates, tombstones
-bottom of society: indentured servants
-1740s: Great Awakening -> Puritan ministers began to preach sermons that warned of the impending dangers of hell (influenced by Jonathan Edwards of Northampton)

Schooling & Press:
-1647: Massachusetts General School Act -> stated two principles of education: local communities have a duty to set up schools, and this duty is enforced by law
-Harvard College: founded in 1636 in Massachusetts by John Harvard
-College of William and Mary: established in Virginia
-Collegiate School of Connecticut (Yale College), College of New Jersey, King´s College (Columbia University, NY), Queen´s College (Rutgers, NJ)
-expensive paper and type -> small reading public in America -> books came from Britain
-1704: first successful newspaper
-Peter Zenger: -> New York Weekly Journal (1733)
-1735: he accused the governor of corruption -> was brought to trial on a charge of libel -> was acquitted
-first landmark in the developement of free press in America.

The Road to Revolution:
-series of laws (beginning in 1651): Trade and Navigation Acts
-Navigation Act of 1651: all goods shipped between England and the colonies had to be carried on ships built either in England or in the colonies
-Molasses Act of 1733: put a heavy tax on the importation of sugar and molasses from any other place
-Woolen act of 1699: forbade the colonies to export woolen goods
-Hat Act of 1732: made it illegal for hatmakers in the colonies to sell their goods outside the colonies
-Iron act of 1750: restricted the manufacture of iron goods in the colonies
-Proclamation Act of 1763: forbade settlements west of the Allegheny Mountains ( Appalachians )
-1765: Satmp Act -> direct tax (tax paid directly to the government rather than being included in the price of goods) -> required that stamps be placed on many kinds of articles -> boycotts
-As a response -> 1773: Boston Tea Party -> thousands of pounds of tea were thrown into the Boston Harbor
-Parliament´s response: Coercive Acts (˝Intolerable Acts˝)
-Colonists´ response: First Continental Congress (1774, Philadelphia) -> second Continental Congress (1775, Philadelphia)
-July 4, 1776: Declaration of Independence -> free and independent states are officially called the United States of America

Colonial America II.

Christopher Colombus was born in Genoa, Italy, in 1451. He left Spain, with the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria, in August 1492 with about 90 sailors. By early October the fleet had already gone farther than Colombus thought would be necessary to reach Japan. In the early morning of October 12, 1492, Colombus went ashore onto a small island in the Bahamas, at San Salvador and claimed it for Spain. Believing he had reached the East Indies of the coast of Asia, he called the native people Indians. In April 1493, Colombus returned to Spain, and was given the titles ˝Admiral of the ocean Sea˝ and ˝Viceroy and Governor of the Indies.˝

In 1499 on a Portuguese expedition, Amerigo Vespucci sailed along the coast of South America. In a long letter he wrote about his voyage, he concluded that the land he had explored was a vast new continent – a New World. In 1504 Vespucci´s sensational account, which he purposely redated 1497, was published, and he erroneously received credit for reaching the mainland of the New World before Colombus. German mapmakers named the New World ˝America,˝ and the name stuck.

Southern Colonies:

-As early as 1578, Sir Humphrey Gilbert and his half-brother Sir Walter Raleigh tried to plant a permanent English colony in North America. In 1587 Raleigh sent 91 men, 17 women, and 9 children to settle on Roanoke Island near the coast of what is now North Carolina. He named the land ˝Virginia˝ in honor of the ˝Virgin Queen,˝ Elizabeth I. Once, when English ships returned to Roanoke, they found none of the settlers. The only clue left behind was a word carved on a tree – Croatoan, the name of nearby Indians and of a nearby island. The fate of the ˝Lost Colony˝ remains a mistery.

In 1606 King James I created the Virginia Company from two separate groups of merchants. Two divisions, the Virginia Company of London and the Virginia Company of Plymouth, were granted exclusive settlement rights in North America. The London group´s charter permitted the planting of a colony in Virginia, where it was believed, precious metals abounded.
In 1607 the London Company sought a more secure place for settlement on a peninsula 60 miles up the James River. There they founded Jamestown, naming both the river and the town for their king.
Captain John Smith led the colony through some of its most trying times. They had this ˝starving time,˝ in the winter of 1609 to 1610.
John Smith, injured in a gunpowder explosion, had returned to England in 1609 and not until 1611 was the company able to supply a new governor. Mismanagement eventually cost the London Company its charter. King James I dissolved the company and took control of the colony in 1624.

The difference in climate between England and Virginia meant that the settlers would learn to raise new crops. From the native peoples they learned to grow corn, bean, and squash, but these didn´t make money for the London Company shareholders. After the Company lost its charter, Virginia found a profitable cash crop – tobacco. Introduced by the Indians, the use of tobacco soon became popular in England despite the fact that King James I wrote a book in which he called it ˝a custom Loathsome to the eye, hateful to the Nose, harmfulle to the Braine, daungerous to the Lungs.˝ Thousands of settlers came to Virginia, lured by the promise of free farmland. But this source of labor was not enough. Homeless children, convicts, farmers, who had lost their lands, and poor also came. Those who could not pay their own way became indentured servants, working from four to seven years to pay off their passage across the Atlantic. Wealthy settlers who acquired plantations used indentured servants as laborers. After the period of indenture, they were free to farm their own farms. In 1619 a Dutch warship brought 20 enslaved Africans to Jamestown. At first Africans were treated somewhat like indentured servants, many earning their freedom by several years of work. Slavery was first recognized in Virginia law in 1661. The following year, Virginia law declared that the status of a newborn child depended on the status of the mother. Slavery became a permanent, inherited condition. From 1600 to 1850 Europeans brought 15 million enslaved West Africans to the Americas. Most of these people were taken to the plantations of the West Indies. Virginians continued to use indentured servants as the primary labor supply until 1670.
African slavery expanded rapidly in Virginia after 1670. Planters with the most land and slaves soon held the highest social status and had the strongest influence in Virginia´s government. While colonial charters extended the rights of the English people to the colonists, the government in England exercised only loose control over its American colonies. Eventually the colonists enjoyed more self-government than the English at home. In the beginning Virginia had been strictly ruled by a council and an appointed governor with almost absolute power. In 1619, however, the London Company permitted the first representative assembly in America, the House of Burgesses. These burgesses and a council appointed by the governor together had power to make laws.

Other Southern Colonies:

In 1632 King Charles I gave his friend George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, a grant of 10 million acres north of Virginia. Calvert became proprietor of the colony, meaning that he had authority over its government. By 1634 his son, Cecil Calvert, sent the first 200 settlers to Maryland, named at Charles I´s suggestion after his Catholic Queen, Henrietta Maria. From the beginning the Calverts intended Maryland to be a refuge for Catholics. Soon, however, more Protestants than Catholics were arriving. To protect Catholics from persecution, Cecil, the second Lord Baltimore, offered religious freedom to all Christian settlers. Later the legislative assembly of Maryland affirmed this freedom by the Religious Toleration Act of 1649, the first of its kind in America. Like Virginia, Maryland grew tobacco.
In 1663 eight nobles received from Charles II a grant to settle Carolina. Land in northern Carolina attracted pioneer farmers from Virginia. From the start, this was an area of subsistence farming where farmers grew only enough to live on and sometimes a little tobacco for sale as a cash crop. Southern Carolina offered a better harbor than in the north and attracted more settlers. The first English colonists came from the west Indies island of Barbados to found the only major city in the South, Charles Town – present-day Charleston – in 1669. Some of these settlers had used slave labor on their sugar plantations in the Caribbean. With the knowledge of rice-growing that enslaved Africans brought from their homelands, these settlers built great plantations, importing many more slaves to work the malaria-ridden fields. Eliza Lucas, a settler from the West Indies, introduced the growing of indigo, a plant that produced a blue dye. By 1746 indigo had also become an important cash crop grown for export.
Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, one of the proprietors, persuaded John Locke, and English political philosopher, to write a framework of government for South Carolina. The result was The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, providing for a legislature of wealthy nobles chosen by landholders. The proprietors surrendered control in 1729, and the king made both Carolinas royal colonies.

Georgia, named after King George II, was the last of the 13 English colonies. Its proprietor, James Oglethorpe, a wealthy philanthropist and soldier, wanted Georgia to be both a refuge for poor English debtors and a military outpost against the Spaniards in Florida. The first settlement, founded in 1733, was Savannah. At first, Oglethorpe governed with strict controls, forbidding slavery and rum and controlling land sales. These restrictions limited Georgia´s growth, causing some unhappy settlers to move across the border to South Carolina. In the 1740s the trustees who controlled Georgia lifted the restrictions against slavery and rum. They also gave the colonists an elected assembly, but Georgia failed to prosper until after control was returned to the king in 1752.

New England:

The Church of England – the Anglican Church – broke away from the Catholic Church in 1534. Some Anglicans, called Puritans, believed that the Church of England had not done enough ˝to purify˝ itself of all symbols of Catholic worship. Most Puritans wanted to reform the Church of England. One group, called Separatists, believed that it was better to separate themselves entirely and to form their own church. Since the Anglican Church was the official state church, Separatists, like all other religious dissenters, or protesters, faced persecution, jail, and even death.
In 1607 a group of separatists, soon to be known as Pilgrims, left England to escape persecution. They settled in Holland, where, despite the freedom to worship as they pleased, they were dissatisfied. In 1619 the Pilgrims secured a grant of land in Virginia from the London Company. After much preparation, in september 1620, 73 men and boys and 29 women and girls set sail on the Mayflower from Plymouth, England. In Novenmber the ship landed far to the north of Virginia at Cape Cod on the Massachusetts coast. Because they had no charter for an area outside the control of the London Company, the Pilgrims drew up and signed the Mayflower Compact, an agreement to live under the laws of the community. The Pilgrims searched for nearly a month before they found Plymouth harbor. On December 25, they began to build the first large house for common use. In the bleak, cold, snowy New England winter, the Pilgrims, like the Virginia colonists, had their ˝starving time.˝ By spring almost half of them had died. In 1621 the survivors elected Bradford governor. In the spring they planted crops.

THANKSGIVING!!!!

The colony never became very large. It elected its own officials and ran its own affaires until 1691, when it became part of the larger Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1625 when Charles I became the king of England, he decided to rule without the Parliament and to suppress Puritanism. This marked the beginnig of the great Puritan migrations to New England. The first governor of Massachusetts, John Winthorp, called the colony ˝a city upon a hill.˝ Winthorp transformed the Massachusetts Bay Company from a trading company into a commonwealth, a self-governing political unit, the first of its kind in America. Winthorp made up the General Court, or the lawmaking body. A law passed in 1631 gave all Puritan men who were church members admission to the General Court as freemen.

Roger Williams arrived in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1631. In 1636, with several followers from Massachusetts Bay, he started the colony of Rhode Island on land purchased from the native Americans. The new colony, chartered in 1644, welcomed Jews as well as all Christians, and guaranteed their religious freedom. In Rhode Island church and state were completely separate, a principle that was to become an important part of America´s political heritage. Not long after Williams departed, Massachusetts faced a similar challenge. Anne Hutchinson began to openly challenge Puritan ministers and their interpretations of the Bible. Ordered to leave the colony, she went to Rhode Island to begin a new settlement later called Portsmouth.
In 1637 the Reverend John Wheelwright, was also expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritan teaching. He and his followers settled in New Hampshire. Following the example of the Mayflower Compact, they created and signed the Exeter Compact and set up a civil government. In 1679 New Hampshire obtained a charter from King Charles II. Other pioneer settlers pushed farther north into Maine, which remained part of Massachusetts until 1820.
In 1636 settlers who wanted richer farmland and more freedom followed Thomas Hooker, a Puritan minister, to the fertile valley of the Connecticut River. In 1639 the colony adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, the first written constitution, or plan of government in America.

The Middle Colonies:

In 1664 King Charles II granted his brother James, the Duke of York, the land west and south of New England, from the Connecticut River to the Delaware River, called New Netherland. He did this although the territory had already been settled by the Dutch. For years the English had viewed the Dutch colony as a threat because of its trade, its expanding settlements, and its location as a wedge between New England to the north and Virginia to the south. Consequently, in 1644 the Duke of York sent a fleet of four English warships to capture the settlement of New Amsterdam. Peter Stuyvesant, the Dutch governor of New Netherland, tried to defend the colony. But he lacked the support of his own colonists and was forced to surrender New Netherland without a struggle. The Duke of York did not hesitate to change the colony´s name to New York.
A series of governors appointed by the Duke of york ruled New York until 1683 when the Duke agreed to the colonists´ demands for an elected representative assembly. Two years later, however, the Duke of York became King James II, making New York a royal colony.

New Jersey: Shortly after the Duke of York received his enormous grant of land in 1664, he started giving out parts of it to his friends. He gave New Jersey to John Lord Berkeley and to George Carteret. Finding it sparsely inhabited, these proprietors offered religious freedom, large land grants, and the right for landowners to elect a legislative assembly. The English government created the royal colony of New Jersey by combining the two parts, placing it under the authority of the governor of New York in 1702. Not until 1738 was New Jersey given its own governor.

Pennsylvania and Delaware: William Penn started the most successful colony in America. The son of a British admiral, Penn won the favor of both King Charles II and King James II. Penn wanted to start a colony in America that would serve as a refuge for persecuted Quakers. (He did this because he had joined the Quakers when he was a student. Quakers were considered religious radicals in England because they believed that paid clergy were unnecessary and that every person could know God´s will through his or her ˝inner light˝. They also refused to perform military service, or to swear oaths. They were detested in England and persecuted as anarchists in America.) After his father´s death, Penn took advantage of a debt that Charles II owed Admiral Penn, asking the king for a grant of land in America. In 1681 Charles II made Penn the proprietor of a vast area west of the Delaware named ˝Penn´s Woods,˝ or Pennsylvania. Arriving in Pennsylvania in 1682, Penn worked out a plan for a ˝city of brotherly love,˝Philadelphia. In 1699, Philadelphia rivaled Boston and New York City as both a commercial and cultural center. A boundary dispute with Maryland to the south led to the hiring of two surveyors, Mason and Dixon, to draw borders between the two colonies. This border, known as the Mason and Dixon line, later would become famous as the dividing line between slave states and nonslave states.
In 1682 William Penn bought the three counties south of Pennsylvania along the Atlantic Coast from the Duke of York. Until the American Revolution, the governor of Pennsylvania also served as the governor of Delaware.

Colonial Social Classes:

In each of the 13 colonies there was an upper class, socially superior by law or custom. In New England, merchants, shipowners and the clergy composed this class. In the South and along the Hudson River in New York, great landowners imitated the country gentry, or upper class, of England. Early colonial laws permitted only upper-class men to wear silver buttons and upper-class women and girls to wear silk dresses. Social rank was indicated on marriage certificates and even on tombstones. Near the bottom of society were indentured servants.
In the 1740s the colonies experienced a religious revival called the Great Awakening. Some Puritan ministers in Massachusetts, concerned over declining religious fervor in their communities, began to preach sermons that warned of the impending dangers of hell. They were influenced by Jonathan Edwards of northampton, who was one of America´s greatest colonial Christian theologians.

Schooling & Press:

The Puritans believed that citizens should learn enough English to read the Bible and understand the laws. The Massachusetts General School Act of 1647 stated two principles of education that remain today: local communities have a duty to set up schools, and this duty is enforced by law. Harvard College was founded in 1636 in Massachusetts by John Harvard. Near the end of the century, the College of William and Mary was established in Virginia. A few years later, the Collegiate School of Connecticut ( later to become Yale College ) were chartered. In 1647 the Massachusetts Bay Colony, followed shortly by all other New England colonies except Rhode Island, provided for compulsory elementary education. The middle colonies didn´t establish schools until the middle of the 18th century, when the College of New Jersey, King´s College ( now Columbia University ) in New york City, and Queen´s College ( now Rutgers ) in New Brunswick, New Jersey, were chartered.
In addition to schools and colleges, newspapers, books, and circulating libraries all helped to raise the level of public information. Because paper and type were expensive and the reading public in America small, most books came from Britain. But by 1750 there were 25 or 30 American newspapers, mostly four pages long, printed weekly. Cambridge, Massachusetts, boasted a printing press, and in 1704, Boston´s first successful newspaper was launched. In New York, freedom of press had its first importatnt test in the case of Peter Zenger, whose New York Weekly Journal, begun in 1733, was spokesman for opposition to the government. In 1735 he accused the governor of corruption. As a result, copies of the paper were burnt, and Zenger was brought to trial on a charge of libel. His lawyer argued that the editor was not guilty, since the charges were true, and since free speech was a basic right of English people. Zenger was acquitted. At the time the case attracted little attention, but today it is regarded as a landmark in the developement of free press in America.

The Road to Revolution:

The road from colonies to nation was a gradual one that began with the Parliament´s attempt to control the colonies´ foreign trade. The first efforts toward this goal were a series of laws, beginning in 1651, known as Trade and Navigation Acts. The Navigation Act of 1651 stated that all goods shipped between England and the colonies had to be carried on ships built either in England or in the colonies. Then in 1660 Parliament listed , or enumerated, specific colonial products that could be shipped only to Britain. Thes enumerated commodities included tobacco, cotton, indigo, and sugar. A number of other laws were designed to help social groups at the expense of the 13 colonies. For example the Molasses act of 1733 helped the owners of sugar plantations in the British West Indies by putting a heavy tax on the importation of sugar and molasses from any other place. Other examples were: Woolen act of 1699 ( forbade the colonies to export woolen goods ), Hat Act of 1732 ( made it illegal for hatmakers in the colonies to sell their goods outside the colonies ), and the Iron act of 1750 ( restricted the manufacture of iron goods in the colonies ). Most of these laws, however, were not enforced – in part because of the distance that separated Britain from the colonies and in part because the appointed revenue officiers were lax in their duties.
Parliament passed the Proclamation Act of 1763, which forbid all settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains ( Appalachians ). The colonist´s protested through petitions and representatives in London. They felt their rights as subjects of the crown had been violated. As tensions grew, so did the means of protest. In 1765 Parliament passed another revenue law called the Satmp Act. This law differed from previous tax measures because it was a direct tax – a tax paid directly to the government rather than being included in the price of goods. It required that stamps be placed on many kinds of articles and document including wills, playing cards, newspapers, dice and licenses. After the 1765 Stamp Act, the colonists staged boycotts, and sometimes became violent. In their challenge to British authority, the colonies discovered a sense of unity and patriotism and began to act together.
As time progressed the breach between Britain and the colonies gradually widened. Then, in 1773, colonists reacted to a monopoly granted to the British East India Tea company by throwing thousands of pounds of tea into the Boston Harbor. It became known as the Boston Tea Party. Parliament responded with the Coercive Acts, which the colonists dubbed the ˝Intolerable Acts.˝
The colonists responded by calling the First Continental Congress, in 1774 in Philadelphia, and organizing volunteer armies. July 4, 1776: Declaration of Independence -> free and independent states are officially called the United States of America.

Treaty of Nanking

Treaty of Nanking

1. Manchu dynasty (1644-1911)

- Powerful and prosperous empire
- Policy of isolation
- Restrictions on foreign trade

- 1800′s: conditions changed
- Population grew to 300 million
- Regular shortage of food (because of floods and draughts)
- Peasant rebellions, social unrest
- Corruption: officials took money from the public funds => raised taxes => Rebellions

2. European imperialism

- Opium war (1840-1842)

- Treaty of Nanking:

- China agreed to: – receive foreign diplomats
- open ports to trade
- let the British determine tariffs
- the right of extraterritoriality (British laws against British people in China)

- International unrest: The Taiping rebellion (Taip-ing tien kuo = Heavenly Kingdom of Peace)

- widespread peasant uprising (inspired by some ancient Chinese traditions and ideals of Christianity)
- demanded: -redistribution of land to poor peasants
- end of high taxes
- equality for men and women

- European powers helped the Manchu dynasty => peasants were defeated, BUT: -China was weakened => needed reforms
- China’s concessions
(had to open more ports; had to legalise opium trade)
- Sphere of influence (Br., Fr., R., Ch. investors)

Declaration of Rights of Man

1. French Revolution

Causes: - contradictions in economy
- contradictions in society
- political crises (Louis XVI. in “trouble”)

=> The outbreak of the revolution

-May.5., 1789: opening session – National Assembly (with one vote for each repr.)

-BUT: the king dissolved it => Tennis Court Oath

-People attacked and destroyed the Bastille (July 14., 1789) => Fr. revolution started

-Aug. 4., 1789 – abolition of feudal priviliges

2. Declaration of Rights of Man (Aug. 26., 1789)

Content: – individual freedom
- right to property
- equality in front of the law
- equal taxation
- principles of representation

=> freedom of speech and thought
=> freedom of religion
=> freedom of the press

BUT Louis XVI. refused to sign it

=> Oct. 5.: March of Women: The king was forced to go to Paris; the National Assembly followed him

By 1791: Constitution

Describe the Industrial Revolution

1,Definition :
Fundamental change in industry. Manufactures were replaced by factories, chraftsmanship was replaced by machines. It spreadfrom England in the 1780′s.
Main source of energy was steam.

2, Conditions:
-capitalist transformation of agriculture
-raw material
-labour force- more people
-machines
-capital
-development of the World market

Enclouses:landowners surrounded the lands, that is why peasants had to go to the citiesand find jobs in manufacturing.On the lands landlords raised sheeps.

3, Inventions:
-Textile ind. became the most importnt and developed industry
Inventions:-flying shuttle
-spinning jenny
-spinning mule
-cotton gin
-water frame
-sewing mashine
-Iron and steal production
-Steam engine
Steamship: Fulton 1807
-Locomotive: Stephenson 1825
-New tools in agriculture: reaper, tresher, lathe-Morse: telegraph
-Bell: telephone

4, Consequences:
-England became a World power
-Population grouth
-Workers movements
-destruction of machines
-political parties were formed

World War I.

What were the sources of tensions that led to the outbreak of the WWI, describe the alliance system and power relations during the war

By the second half of the 19th century there was unequal development which led to rivalry. Big powers were fregmented and new powers wanted there share, that is whybig powers made:
1, alliance system:
1873 Three Entente’s Legue
- Germany (williamI)
-Russia (Alex.II)
- Au.-Hungarian monarchy (F. Ferdinand)
1879 Military alliance bw. Germany and the Au.-Hun.mon.
1882: Italy joined the military alliance

2, Power relations:
Central powers
-Au.-Hun. mon.
-Germany
-easy transportation of supply and troops
-easy mobilization
-could be circled easily
-had to import food and weapons

Entente
-Britain
-Francec
-Russia
-weaker land force
-defetable by a quick a
-colonies weren’t supported perfectly

1914-1918 World War I
It started when the Au.-Hun mon. declared war on Serbia

1, 1914
aim:Schliffen Plan: quick attack on the Entente
Both the eastern and western fronts were included in the war
end: failure of the Schliffen Plan

2,1915
Eastern front was more effective
end:military siccess of the Central Powers but no political (they could not defeat the Entente)

3, 1916
Both the fronts were included
end: success of the Central p. but no political

4, 1917
Germany declared a submarine war. They sank every ship in water near the bourders.
(Step for this) The USA joined the war on ther side of the Entente – It become strong

5, 1918
Jan:Everybody wanted peace because of their weakening forces and lack of support.
-Wildson 14 points
-Entente decided about the looser’sterritories